Gait kinematics of osteoarthritic knees after intra-articular viscosupplementation: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The utilization of subjective questionnaires for assessing conservative treatment in knee osteoarthritis may present challenges in identifying differences due to inadequate statistical power. Objective tools, such as three-dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis, are accurate and reproducible methods. However, no high-quality studies assessing the effects of intra-articular viscosupplementation (VS) have been published. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate gait kinematics of patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis after VS. METHODS: Forty-two patients were randomized to receive either VS or saline injection (placebo). They underwent 3D kinematic gait analysis before and at 1, 6, and 12 weeks after treatment and knee angles during stance phase were determined. Patients and the healthcare team responsible for data collection, processing, and analysis were blinded to group allocation. Between-group comparisons were conducted using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, the VS increased the maximum knee extension (3.2° (0.7-5.7)) and decreased the maximum knee flexion (-3.6° (-6.1 to -1.2)) on the sagittal plane at 1 week. At 6 weeks, the VS group sustained a reduced maximum knee flexion (-2.6° (-5.2 to 0.0)). On the axial plane, the VS group demonstrated an increase in maximum internal rotation at 12 weeks (3.9° (0.3 to 7.7)). The VS group exhibited reduced single-leg stance time at 1 week and increased total stance time at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: VS led to short- and long-term kinematic improvements in the sagittal and axial planes, leading to a gait pattern closer to that observed in individuals with less severe osteoarthritic knees.

Three-dimensional printing models increase inter-rater agreement for classification and treatment of proximal humerus fractures.

BACKGROUND: Proximal humerus fractures (PHF) are frequent, however, several studies show low inter-rater agreement in the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. Differences are usually related to the experience of the evaluators and/or the diagnostic methods used. This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that shoulder surgeons and diagnostic imaging specialists using 3D printing models and shoulder CT scans in assessing proximal humerus fractures. METHODS: We obtained 75 tomographic exams of PHF to print three-dimensional models. After, two shoulder surgeons and two specialists in musculoskeletal imaging diagnostics analyzed CT scans and 3D models according to the Neer and AO/OTA group classification and suggested a treatment recommendation for each fracture based on the two diagnostic methods. RESULTS: The classification agreement for PHF using 3D printing models among the 4 specialists was moderate (global k = 0.470 and 0.544, respectively for AO/OTA and Neer classification) and higher than the CT classification agreement (global k = 0.436 and 0.464, respectively for AO/OTA and Neer). The inter-rater agreement between the two shoulder surgeons were substantial. For the AO/OTA classification, the inter-rater agreement using 3D printing models was higher (k = 0.700) than observed for CT (k = 0.631). For Neer classification,  inter-rater agreement with 3D models was similarly higher (k = 0.784) than CT images (k = 0.620). On the other hand, the inter-rater agreement between the two specialists in diagnostic imaging was moderate. In the AO/OTA classification, the agreement using CT was higher (k = 0.532) than using 3D printing models (k = 0.443), while for Neer classification, the agreement was similar for both 3D models (k = 0.478) and CT images (k = 0.421). Finally, the inter-rater agreement in the treatment of PHF by the 2 surgeons was higher for both classifications using 3D printing models (AO/OTA-k = 0.818 for 3D models and k = 0.537 for CT images). For Neer classification, we saw k = 0.727 for 3D printing models and k = 0.651 for CT images. CONCLUSION: The insights from this diagnostic pilot study imply that for shoulder surgeons, 3D printing models improved the diagnostic agreement, especially the treatment indication for PHF compared to CT for both AO/OTA and Neer classifications On the other hand, for specialists in diagnostic imaging, the use of 3D printing models was similar to CT scans for diagnostic agreement using both classifications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazil Platform under no. CAAE 12273519.7.0000.5505.

Intervention Protocol of the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of a High-Complexity University Hospital to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective To describe the protocols implemented to adapt the orthopedic team to the COVID-19 pandemic; a secondary objective is to assess the behavior of hospital and departmental variables when implementing such measures. Methods The present is a retrospective study describing three protocols: 1) reduction in the risk of infection for patients and healthcare workers; 2) adaptation of work, academic and scientific activities; and 3) adaptation of the orthopedic treatment during the pandemic. We analyzed hospital and departmental variables, including the number of patients seen in the emergency room and outpatient clinic, the number of hospitalized patients, suspected and confirmed cases in patients and orthopedic team members, changes in teaching activities from on-site attendance to videoconferencing, and number of surgeries. Period A, from March 3 to 16, was compared with period B, from March 17 to 30, 2020, which corresponded to the implementation of the protocols. Results There was a decrease in the number of outpatients and inpatients. One confirmed and two suspected cases were notified. Among the departmental members, there were 12 suspected and 6 confirmed cases. The weekly frequency of classes was maintained, while the clinical-scientific meetings decreased from ten to three. In addition, the number of surgeries was reduced. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the rapid implementation of intervention protocols in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The protocols focused on reducing the risk of infection for patients and healthcare professionals, adapting work, academic and scientific activities, and modifying the orthopedic treatment. With the application of the protocols, the healthcare, academic and scientific activities remained functional, prioritizing measures to confront the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mechanical evaluation of tibial fixation of the hamstring tendon in anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction with and without interference screws.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare two postero-lateral bundle (PLB) tibial fixation techniques for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with double bundle: a technique without the use of an interference screw, preserving the native tibial insertion of the tendons of the gracilis and semitendineous muscles, and a technique with the use of an interference screw and without preserving the insertion of the tendons. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted in cadavers with a universal mechanical test machine. In total, 23 cadaver knees were randomized for tibial fixation of the PLB using the two techniques: Maintaining the tibial insertion of the tendons during reconstruction, without the use of an interference screw (group A, 11 cases); and fixating the graft with an interference screw, without maintaining the insertion of the tendons (group B, 12 cases). A continuous traction was performed (20 mm/min) in the same direction as the produced tunnel, and force (N), elongation (mm), rigidity (N/mm), and tension (N/mm2) were objectively determined in each group. RESULTS: Group A exhibited a maximum force (MF) of 315.4±124.7 N; maximum tension of 13.57±3.65 N/mm2; maximum elongation of 19.73±4.76 mm; force at the limit of proportionality (FLP) of 240.6±144.0 N; and an elongation at the limit of proportionality of 14.37±6.58 mm. Group B exhibited a MF of 195.7±71.8 N; maximum tension of 8.8±3.81 N/mm2; maximum elongation of 15.3±10.73 mm; FLP of 150.1±68.7 N; and an elongation at the limit of proportionality of 6.86±2.42 mm. When comparing the two groups, significant differences were observed in the variables of maximum force (p=0.016), maximum tension (p=0.019), maximum elongation (p=0.007), and elongation at the limit of proportionality (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The use of the native insertion of the semitendineous and gracilis tendons, without an additional fixation device, presented mechanical superiority over their fixation with interference screws.

Intervention Protocol of the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of a High-Complexity University Hospital to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic / Protocolo de intervenção do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia de um hospital universitário de alta complexidade para enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract Objective To describe the protocols implemented to adapt the orthopedic team to the COVID-19 pandemic; a secondary objective is to assess the behavior of hospital and departmental variables when implementing such measures. Methods The present is a retrospective study describing three protocols: 1) reduction in the risk of infection for patients and healthcare workers; 2) adaptation of work, academic and scientific activities; and 3) adaptation of the orthopedic treatment during the pandemic. We analyzed hospital and departmental variables, including the number of patients seen in the emergency room and outpatient clinic, the number of hospitalized patients, suspected and confirmed cases in patients and orthopedic team members, changes in teaching activities from on-site attendance to videoconferencing, and number of surgeries. Period A, from March 3 to 16, was compared with period B, from March 17 to 30, 2020, which corresponded to the implementation of the protocols. Results There was a decrease in the number of outpatients and inpatients. One confirmed and two suspected cases were notified. Among the departmental members, there were 12 suspected and 6 confirmed cases. The weekly frequency of classes was maintained, while the clinical-scientific meetings decreased from ten to three. In addition, the number of surgeries was reduced. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the rapid implementation of intervention protocols in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The protocols focused on reducing the risk of infection for patients and healthcare professionals, adapting work, academic and scientific activities, and modifying the orthopedic treatment. With the application of the protocols, the healthcare, academic and scientific activities remained functional, prioritizing measures to confront the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os protocolos implementados para adequar a equipe ortopédica à pandemia de COVID-19 e, secundariamente, avaliar o comportamento de variáveis hospitalares e departamentais frente à implementação das medidas. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com descrição de três protocolos: 1) Redução do risco de contágio dos pacientes e profissionais de saúde; 2) Adaptação das atividades laborais, acadêmicas e científicas; e 3) Adaptação do tratamento ortopédico frente à pandemia. Foram analisadas variáveis hospitalares e departamentais como: número de pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro e ambulatórios, pacientes internados, casos suspeitos e confirmados nos pacientes e na equipe ortopédica, mudança das atividades de ensino do modo presencial para videoconferência, e número cirurgias. Foi comparado o período A, de 03 a 16 de março, com o período B, de 17 a 30 de março, que corresponde à implementação dos protocolos. Resultados Houve diminuição do número de pacientes atendidos e do número de pacientes internados. Foram notificados dois suspeitos e um confirmado. Dos integrantes do departamento, 12 foram suspeitos e 6 confirmados. Manteve-se a frequência semanal das aulas e as reuniões clinico-científicas diminuíram de dezpara três. Houve redução no volume de cirurgias. Conclusões O presente estudo demonstrou a viabilidade e a eficiência da rápida implementação de protocolos de intervenção em meio ao cenário de pandemia por COVID-19. Os protocolos focaram na redução do risco de contágio dos pacientes e profissionais de saúde, na adaptação das atividades laborais, acadêmicas e científicas, e na adaptação do tratamento ortopédico. Com sua aplicação, mantiveram-se as atividades assistencial, acadêmica e científica funcionantes, priorizando-se medidas de enfrentamento à COVID-19.

Mechanical evaluation of tibial fixation of the hamstring tendon in anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction with and without interference screws

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare two postero-lateral bundle (PLB) tibial fixation techniques for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with double bundle: a technique without the use of an interference screw, preserving the native tibial insertion of the tendons of the gracilis and semitendineous muscles, and a technique with the use of an interference screw and without preserving the insertion of the tendons. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted in cadavers with a universal mechanical test machine. In total, 23 cadaver knees were randomized for tibial fixation of the PLB using the two techniques: Maintaining the tibial insertion of the tendons during reconstruction, without the use of an interference screw (group A, 11 cases); and fixating the graft with an interference screw, without maintaining the insertion of the tendons (group B, 12 cases). A continuous traction was performed (20 mm/min) in the same direction as the produced tunnel, and force (N), elongation (mm), rigidity (N/mm), and tension (N/mm2) were objectively determined in each group. RESULTS: Group A exhibited a maximum force (MF) of 315.4±124.7 N; maximum tension of 13.57±3.65 N/mm2; maximum elongation of 19.73±4.76 mm; force at the limit of proportionality (FLP) of 240.6±144.0 N; and an elongation at the limit of proportionality of 14.37±6.58 mm. Group B exhibited a MF of 195.7±71.8 N; maximum tension of 8.8±3.81 N/mm2; maximum elongation of 15.3±10.73 mm; FLP of 150.1±68.7 N; and an elongation at the limit of proportionality of 6.86±2.42 mm. When comparing the two groups, significant differences were observed in the variables of maximum force (p=0.016), maximum tension (p=0.019), maximum elongation (p=0.007), and elongation at the limit of proportionality (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The use of the native insertion of the semitendineous and gracilis tendons, without an additional fixation device, presented mechanical superiority over their fixation with interference screws.

A Hamstring-Based Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction With Autografts Improves Both Radiographic Instability and Functional Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To report the subjective outcomes and objective stability in a series of chronically grade III posterolateral injured knees treated with a hamstring-based anatomic posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction technique using autografts. METHODS: An outcome study of patients with a chronic complete tear of all ligamentous structures of the PLC (>5 mm of varus gapping at 30o, ≥10° of external tibial rotation during the dial test, ≥4 mm of increased lateral compartment opening during varus stress radiographs) was performed. The patients were evaluated subjectively with Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Tegner scores and objectively with varus stress radiographs at 20° of knee flexion, IKDC objective scores, and recurvatum evaluation. Institutional review board approval: CEP/UNIFESP n: 1251/2016. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 33 patients were available for follow up at an average of 31.9 ± 12.3 months (range, 24-59 months) postoperatively. Twenty-five patients underwent multiple-ligament reconstruction without prior osteotomy. No patient had an isolated PLC knee reconstruction. The average comparative preoperative and postoperative outcomes were, respectively: Lysholm: 49.7 ± 10.3, 81.2 ± 12.8, P < .001, 89.7% met minimal detectable change; IKDC: 36.7 ± 8.3, 70.4 ± 19.8, P < .001, 82.8% met minimal clinically important difference; Tegner, 6.6 ± 1.3, 5.5 ± 1.6, P < .001; and varus stress radiograph: 7.1 ± 3.1 mm, 1.8 ± 1.8 mm, P < .001. A significant improvement, P < .001, was found between preoperative and postoperative IKDC objective scores for varus opening at 0° and 30° and external rotation measured by the dial test at 30°. Recurvatum was also improved: preoperatively, 52% had a low-grade and 48% had a high-grade recurvatum, whereas postoperatively, 100% were classified as low grade, P < .001. CONCLUSIONS: The presented anatomic PLC reconstruction, concomitant to other surgical procedures and ligament reconstructions, is a valid technique in a multiligamentous knee injury involving the PLC, improving subjective outcomes and objective stability in patients with a chronic PLC knee injury, similar to historical controls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Anteromedial Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy Improves Results of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Instability in Patients With Tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear Groove Distance of 17 to 20 mm.

PURPOSE: To compare the midterm clinical outcomes of anteromedialization tibial tubercle osteotomy combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (TTO+MPFLR) with MPFLR alone (MPFLRa) for the treatment of recurrent patellar instability (RPI) in patients with a tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) of 17 to 20 mm. METHODS: From January 2008 to August 2013, patients with RPI and a TT-TG of 17 to 20 mm were divided into 2 groups: TTO+MPFLR or MPFLRa. Subjects were evaluated for J sign classification (1-4+); patellar glide (1-4+); the apprehension test; increased femoral anteversion; the Caton index; trochlear dysplasia; TT-TG; and Kujala, Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Tegner scores. Kujala improvement was the primary outcome. RESULTS: Forty-two subjects were evaluated, 18 in the TTO+MPFLR group and 24 in the MPFLRa group. Mean follow-up time was 40.86 months (range, 24-60 months). Demographics between the groups were not different. Preoperatively, there was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding J sign classification; patellar glide; the apprehension test; increased femoral anteversion; the Caton index; trochlear dysplasia; TT-TG; and Kujala, Lysholm, IKDC, and Tegner scores. Postoperative J sign classification mean results comparing TTO+MPFLR and MPFLRa, respectively, were 1 and 1.33 (P = .006). Improvement was significantly higher in the TTO+MPFLR group in all scores except for Tegner. Kujala improvement, 30.27 and 23.95, respectively (P = .003), was also clinically significant, favoring TTO+MPFLR. Lysholm improvement was 40.5 and 36.2, respectively (P = .02), and IKDC improvement was 38.59 and 31.6, respectively (P = .002). There were no reported recurrent subluxations or dislocations in either group. CONCLUSIONS: TTO+MPFLR resulted in better functional outcome scores and patellar kinematics compared with MPFLRa in the surgical treatment of RPI in patients with a TT-TG distance of 17 to 20 mm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Assessment of the regeneration capacity of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons / Regeneração dos tendões dos músculos semitendínio e grácil apos retirada

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the regenerative capacity of gracilis (G) and semitendinosus (ST) tendons, to examine the sensitivity and specificity of signs and symptoms in the assessment of hamstring tendons, and to assess the thickness and insertion site of regenerated tendons. Methods: Thirty sequential knees were subjected to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. After surgery, the patients were followed up clinically with physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Overall, 36.66% of the tendons were visible on MRI, whereas 83.33% were palpable. On MRI, the distal insertion site of the regenerated semitendinosus tendon was visible proximal to the landmark of the medial femoral condyle in 28%, at the same level in 16%, and distally in 56% of the cases. Gracilis tendon insertion was visible proximally in 36.66% of cases, at the same level in 10%, and distally in 53.33%. Eleven knees exhibited complete regeneration. Conclusion: Partial or total regeneration of the ST and G tendons was apparent on MRI. Palpation is effective for evaluating regeneration of the ST and G tendons; however, MRI is still the gold standard. ST and G tendons regenerated completely in only a small percentage of patients, limiting reuse as a graft in cases with new ligament injuries of the knee. Level of Evidence II, Prospective comparative study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade de regeneração dos tendões Grácil e Semitendíneo; Identificar a sensibilidade e especificidade da manobra semiológica para detecção da presença dos tendões isquiotibiais; verificar espessura e região de inserção dos tendões regenerados. Métodos: 30 pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia para reconstrução do LCA, com retirada dos tendões do semitendíneo e grácil. Após a cirurgia, os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente por exame físico e por RM. Resultados: Observou-se que em 36,66% eles se apresentavam visíveis, enquanto 83,33% os tendões estavam palpáveis. Observou-se à RM, quanto a região da inserção distal dos tendões regenerados: Semitendíneos, 28% proximal ao ponto padronizado do MFC, 16% se apresentaram ao nível e 56% distal. Já quanto aos tendões do Grácil, 36,66% apresentavam-se proximais, 10% ao nível e 53,33% distal. Onze tendões do ST e do G tiveram regeneração completa. Conclusões: Ficaram caracterizadas, por RM, as regenerações parciais ou totais dos tendões ST e G;a palpação, é eficaz para avaliar a regeneração dos tendões, porém RM mantem-se como padrão ouro; apenas parte dos pacientes os tendões ST e G se regeneraram de maneira completa, limitando a sua reutilização como enxerto nos casos de nova lesão ligamentar. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo prospectivo comparativo.

Total knee and hip arthroplasty: the reality of assistance in Brazilian public health care / Artroplastia total de joelho e quadril: a preocupante realidade assistencial do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the number of hospital permits for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Brazil between 2008 and 2015, and correlate them with regional, national, and international demographic and epidemiological aspects. Methods: Data on demographics, economic level, and TKA and THA were obtained from the website of the Ministry of Health/DATASUS, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and the National Health Agency to assess the assistance provided by the Public Health Care System in arthroplasties for elderly Brazilian population without private health care. Results: The South and Southeast had the best care, with 8.07 and 6.07 TKAs/100,000 inhabitants, one TKA per 1811 and 2624 seniors, 17.3 and 10.99 THAs/100,000 inhabitants, and one THA per 923 and 1427 seniors, respectively. The worst rates were found in the North and Northeast, with 0.88 and 0.98 TKAs/100,000, one TKA per 6930 and 10,411 seniors, 0.96 and 3.25 THAs/100,000, and one THA per 6849 and 2634 seniors, respectively. The national average was 4.00 TKAs/100,000, one TKA per 3249 seniors, 8.01 THAs/100,000, and one THA per 1586 seniors. The international average was 142.8 TKAs/100,000 and 191.8 THAs/100,000. Conclusion: The results expressed unsatisfactory results for TKA and THA in Brazil, with greater relevance in the North and Northeast.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o número de autorizações de internação hospitalar para cirurgias de artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) e quadril (ATQ) no Brasil entre 2008 e 2015 e correlacioná-lo com aspectos demográficos e epidemiológicos regionais, nacionais e internacionais. Métodos: Os dados sobre informativos demográficos, econômicos e sobre ATJ e ATQ foram obtidos no website do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Agência Nacional de Saúde (ANS) e Ministério da Saúde/Datasus para avaliar o assistencialismo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em artroplastias para a população idosa brasileira sem planos de saúde privados. Resultados: As Regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram a melhor relação assistencial, com 8,07 e 6,07ATJ/100.000 habitantes e uma ATJ para 1.811 e 2.624 idosos e 17,3 e 10,99ATQ/100.000 habitantes e uma ATQ para 923 e 1.427 idosos, respectivamente. Os piores índices foram do Norte e Nordeste, com 0,88 e 0,98 ATJ/100.000 e uma ATJ para 6.930 e 10.411 idosos e 0,96 e 3,25 ATQ/100.000 e uma ATQ para 6.849 e 2.634 idosos, respectivamente. A média nacional foi de 4,00 ATJ/100.000 e uma ATJ para 3.249 idosos e 8,01 ATQ/100.000 e uma ATQ para 1.586 idosos. A média internacional foi de 142,8 ATJ/100.000 e 191,8 ATQ/100.000. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram resultados assistenciais insatisfatórios para ATJ e ATQ no Brasil, principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste.

Osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea: case report / Osteocondrite dissecante da tróclea: relato de caso

ABSTRACT The authors report a rare case of osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea. The treatment of these lesions, in which the osteochondral fragment is not viable, is difficult and often limited in Brazil. A clinical case is presented with functional and radiological outcomes after treatment with microfracture technique, bone graft, and collagen membrane coverage.

RESUMO Os autores relatam um caso raro de osteocondrite dissecante de tróclea. O tratamento dessas lesões com inviabilidade do fragmento osteocondral é difícil e muitas vezes limitado no nosso meio. Os autores apresentam resultados clínicos e radiológicos após o tratamento com a técnica de microfratura, enxertia óssea e cobertura com membrana de colágeno.

Total knee and hip arthroplasty: the reality of assistance in Brazilian public health care.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the number of hospital permits for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Brazil between 2008 and 2015, and correlate them with regional, national, and international demographic and epidemiological aspects. METHODS: Data on demographics, economic level, and TKA and THA were obtained from the website of the Ministry of Health/DATASUS, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and the National Health Agency to assess the assistance provided by the Public Health Care System in arthroplasties for elderly Brazilian population without private health care. RESULTS: The South and Southeast had the best care, with 8.07 and 6.07 TKAs/100,000 inhabitants, one TKA per 1811 and 2624 seniors, 17.3 and 10.99 THAs/100,000 inhabitants, and one THA per 923 and 1427 seniors, respectively. The worst rates were found in the North and Northeast, with 0.88 and 0.98 TKAs/100,000, one TKA per 6930 and 10,411 seniors, 0.96 and 3.25 THAs/100,000, and one THA per 6849 and 2634 seniors, respectively. The national average was 4.00 TKAs/100,000, one TKA per 3249 seniors, 8.01 THAs/100,000, and one THA per 1586 seniors. The international average was 142.8 TKAs/100,000 and 191.8 THAs/100,000. CONCLUSION: The results expressed unsatisfactory results for TKA and THA in Brazil, with greater relevance in the North and Northeast.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o número de autorizações de internação hospitalar para cirurgias de artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) e quadril (ATQ) no Brasil entre 2008 e 2015 e correlacioná-lo com aspectos demográficos e epidemiológicos regionais, nacionais e internacionais. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre informativos demográficos, econômicos e sobre ATJ e ATQ foram obtidos no website do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Agência Nacional de Saúde (ANS) e Ministério da Saúde/Datasus para avaliar o assistencialismo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em artroplastias para a população idosa brasileira sem planos de saúde privados. RESULTADOS: As Regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram a melhor relação assistencial, com 8,07 e 6,07ATJ/100.000 habitantes e uma ATJ para 1.811 e 2.624 idosos e 17,3 e 10,99ATQ/100.000 habitantes e uma ATQ para 923 e 1.427 idosos, respectivamente. Os piores índices foram do Norte e Nordeste, com 0,88 e 0,98 ATJ/100.000 e uma ATJ para 6.930 e 10.411 idosos e 0,96 e 3,25 ATQ/100.000 e uma ATQ para 6.849 e 2.634 idosos, respectivamente. A média nacional foi de 4,00 ATJ/100.000 e uma ATJ para 3.249 idosos e 8,01 ATQ/100.000 e uma ATQ para 1.586 idosos. A média internacional foi de 142,8 ATJ/100.000 e 191,8 ATQ/100.000. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicaram resultados assistenciais insatisfatórios para ATJ e ATQ no Brasil, principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste.

Osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea: case report.

The authors report a rare case of osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea. The treatment of these lesions, in which the osteochondral fragment is not viable, is difficult and often limited in Brazil. A clinical case is presented with functional and radiological outcomes after treatment with microfracture technique, bone graft, and collagen membrane coverage.

Os autores relatam um caso raro de osteocondrite dissecante de tróclea. O tratamento dessas lesões com inviabilidade do fragmento osteocondral é difícil e muitas vezes limitado no nosso meio. Os autores apresentam resultados clínicos e radiológicos após o tratamento com a técnica de microfratura, enxertia óssea e cobertura com membrana de colágeno.

Forgotten Joint Score - Portuguese translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument of evaluation for hip and knee arthroplasties.

OBJECTIVE: To translate and adapt culturally to Brazilian Portuguese the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) patient-reported outcome questionnaire. METHODS: Forty-five patients in the postoperative period (3-12 months) of total knee and hip arthroplasty were asked to answer the Br FJS questionnaire, translated into Portuguese based on the guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). RESULTS: Twenty-three patients completed the questionnaire correctly, suggesting changes when pertinent. In the first round of answers, it was observed that 20% had difficulty in understanding the expression "joint awareness." In further harmonization of the questionnaire, it was decided to change the term "awareness" for "remember." After this change no difficulty was observed in understanding for more than 85% of patients. CONCLUSION: The FJS questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Additional studies are underway to compare the reproducibility and validity of the Brazilian translation to other questionnaires already established for the same outcome.

OBJETIVO: Traduzir para a língua portuguesa e adaptar culturalmente para o Brasil o questionário autoavaliativo Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) para mensuração de desfecho clínico em artroplastia total de joelho e quadril. MÉTODOS: O processo de tradução seguiu as diretrizes da International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Quarenta e cinco pacientes em pós-operatório (3-12 meses) de artroplastia total de joelho e quadril foram selecionados para responder ao Forgotten Joint Score traduzido para o português (Br-FJS) para a validação cultural do questionário. RESULTADOS: Responderam o questionário de maneira correta e sugeriram mudanças quando acharam pertinentes 23 pacientes. No primeiro ciclo de respostas, observou-se que 20% dos pacientes apresentaram dificuldade de compreensão da expressão "consciência articular". Em nova harmonização do questionário, optou-se pela mudança da expressão "consciência" para a expressão "lembrar". Após a mudança, mais de 85% dos pacientes não apresentaram dificuldades de compreensão. CONCLUSÃO: O questionário FJS foi traduzido e adaptado culturalmente para o português do Brasil. Estudos adicionais estão em andamento para comparar a reprodutibilidade e validade da tradução brasileira a outros questionários já estabelecidos para o mesmo desfecho.

Forgotten Joint Score - Portuguese translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument of evaluation for hip and knee arthroplasties / Tradução e adaptação cultural para a língua portuguesa do instrumento de avaliação para artroplastias de quadril e joelho Forgotten Joint Score

ABSTRACT Objective: To translate and adapt culturally to Brazilian Portuguese the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) patient-reported outcome questionnaire. Methods: Forty-five patients in the postoperative period (3-12 months) of total knee and hip arthroplasty were asked to answer the Br FJS questionnaire, translated into Portuguese based on the guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Results: Twenty-three patients completed the questionnaire correctly, suggesting changes when pertinent. In the first round of answers, it was observed that 20% had difficulty in understanding the expression "joint awareness." In further harmonization of the questionnaire, it was decided to change the term "awareness" for "remember." After this change no difficulty was observed in understanding for more than 85% of patients. Conclusion: The FJS questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Additional studies are underway to compare the reproducibility and validity of the Brazilian translation to other questionnaires already established for the same outcome.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traduzir para a língua portuguesa e adaptar culturalmente para o Brasil o questionário autoavaliativo Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) para mensuração de desfecho clínico em artroplastia total de joelho e quadril. Métodos: O processo de tradução seguiu as diretrizes da International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Quarenta e cinco pacientes em pós-operatório (3-12 meses) de artroplastia total de joelho e quadril foram selecionados para responder ao Forgotten Joint Score traduzido para o português (Br-FJS) para a validação cultural do questionário. Resultados: Responderam o questionário de maneira correta e sugeriram mudanças quando acharam pertinentes 23 pacientes. No primeiro ciclo de respostas, observou-se que 20% dos pacientes apresentaram dificuldade de compreensão da expressão "consciência articular". Em nova harmonização do questionário, optou-se pela mudança da expressão "consciência" para a expressão "lembrar". Após a mudança, mais de 85% dos pacientes não apresentaram dificuldades de compreensão. Conclusão: O questionário FJS foi traduzido e adaptado culturalmente para o português do Brasil. Estudos adicionais estão em andamento para comparar a reprodutibilidade e validade da tradução brasileira a outros questionários já estabelecidos para o mesmo desfecho.

ASSESSMENT OF THE REGENERATION CAPACITY OF SEMITENDINOSUS AND GRACILIS TENDONS.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the regenerative capacity of gracilis (G) and semitendinosus (ST) tendons, to examine the sensitivity and specificity of signs and symptoms in the assessment of hamstring tendons, and to assess the thickness and insertion site of regenerated tendons. METHODS: Thirty sequential knees were subjected to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. After surgery, the patients were followed up clinically with physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Overall, 36.66% of the tendons were visible on MRI, whereas 83.33% were palpable. On MRI, the distal insertion site of the regenerated semitendinosus tendon was visible proximal to the landmark of the medial femoral condyle in 28%, at the same level in 16%, and distally in 56% of the cases. Gracilis tendon insertion was visible proximally in 36.66% of cases, at the same level in 10%, and distally in 53.33%. Eleven knees exhibited complete regeneration. CONCLUSION: Partial or total regeneration of the ST and G tendons was apparent on MRI. Palpation is effective for evaluating regeneration of the ST and G tendons; however, MRI is still the gold standard. ST and G tendons regenerated completely in only a small percentage of patients, limiting reuse as a graft in cases with new ligament injuries of the knee. Level of Evidence II, Prospective comparative study.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade de regeneração dos tendões Grácil e Semitendíneo; Identificar a sensibilidade e especificidade da manobra semiológica para detecção da presença dos tendões isquiotibiais; verificar espessura e região de inserção dos tendões regenerados. MÉTODOS: 30 pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia para reconstrução do LCA, com retirada dos tendões do semitendíneo e grácil. Após a cirurgia, os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente por exame físico e por RM. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que em 36,66% eles se apresentavam visíveis, enquanto 83,33% os tendões estavam palpáveis. Observou-se à RM, quanto a região da inserção distal dos tendões regenerados: Semitendíneos, 28% proximal ao ponto padronizado do MFC, 16% se apresentaram ao nível e 56% distal. Já quanto aos tendões do Grácil, 36,66% apresentavam-se proximais, 10% ao nível e 53,33% distal. Onze tendões do ST e do G tiveram regeneração completa. CONCLUSÕES: Ficaram caracterizadas, por RM, as regenerações parciais ou totais dos tendões ST e G;a palpação, é eficaz para avaliar a regeneração dos tendões, porém RM mantem-se como padrão ouro; apenas parte dos pacientes os tendões ST e G se regeneraram de maneira completa, limitando a sua reutilização como enxerto nos casos de nova lesão ligamentar. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo prospectivo comparativo.

Increased Femoral Anteversion Influence Over Surgically Treated Recurrent Patellar Instability Patients.

PURPOSE: To verify the influence that increased femoral anteversion (FA) has on patients with recurrent patellar instability (RPI) treated by anteromedialization tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR) and to present the midterm outcomes of these patients. METHODS: From January 2008 to August 2013, skeletally mature patients with RPI and tibial tubercle (TT)-trochlear groove (TG) ≥ 17 mm who underwent anteromedialization TTO combined with MPFLR were evaluated for J sign, patellar glide, apprehension test, increased FA, Caton index, trochlea dysplasia, TT-TG, Kujala, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee evaluation form, and Tegner. Increased FA was determined clinically by a difference of more than 30° between hip internal and external rotation, 70° or more of hip internal rotation, and 30° or more of femoral neck anteversion. A subgroup analysis involving increased FA was made. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients composed the study group. Mean follow-up was 41.5 ± 11.05 months. The J-sign was present in 86% before surgery and none postoperatively (P < .001). All patients had a positive apprehension test or a patellar luxation at the patellar glide test rated as grade 4 before surgery. After surgery, the mean glide was 1.29 ± 0.45 with no apprehension (P < .001). Increased FA was present in 18.7%. Caton index before surgery was 1.11 ± 0.21 and 0.99 ± 0.11 postoperatively (P = .004). Trochlea dysplasia was present in all patients. TT-TG preoperatively was 20.77 ± 2.12 mm and 11.33 ± 1.24 mm postoperatively (P < .001). Functional scores improved preoperatively to postoperatively (P < .001) with Kujala and International Knee Documentation Committee means: 59.08 to 84.37; 52.6 to 85.5, respectively. Tegner preinjury score was 5.4 and postoperatively was 5.2 (P = .01). Increased FA group had worse Kujala compared with the normal FA group and worse Kujala improvement: 77.7 and 85.89 (P = .012), and 21.7 and 26.1, respectively (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased FA in patients with RPI had a negative effect on the outcome of anteromedialization TTO combined with MPFLR. Combined anteromedialization TTO and MPFLR had good functional midterm outcomes in treating patients with RPI and TT-TG ≥ 17 mm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, comparative study.

Anterior cruciate ligament - updating article.

This updating article on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has the aim of addressing some of the most interesting current topics in this field. Within this stratified approach, it contains the following sections: ACL remnant; anterolateral ligament and combined intra and extra-articular reconstruction; fixation devices; and ACL femoral tunnel creation techniques.

Este artigo de atualização sobre ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) visa abordar alguns dos tópicos mais interessantes e atuais sobre o tema. Dentro dessa abordagem estratificada incluem-se as seguintes seções: remanescente do LCA; ligamento anterolateral e reconstruções extra-articulares combinadas a intra-articulares; dispositivos de fixação; técnicas de confecção do túnel femoral.

Anterior cruciate ligament - updating article / Ligamento cruzado anterior - Artigo de atualização

ABSTRACT This updating article on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has the aim of addressing some of the most interesting current topics in this field. Within this stratified approach, it contains the following sections: ACL remnant; anterolateral ligament and combined intra and extra-articular reconstruction; fixation devices; and ACL femoral tunnel creation techniques.

RESUMO Este artigo de atualização sobre ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) visa abordar alguns dos tópicos mais interessantes e atuais sobre o tema. Dentro dessa abordagem estratificada incluem-se as seguintes seções: remanescente do LCA; ligamento anterolateral e reconstruções extra-articulares combinadas a intra-articulares; dispositivos de fixação; técnicas de confecção do túnel femoral.

Extension and flexion gap balancing and its correlation with alignment in navigated total knee arthroplasty.

Computer-assisted surgery was developed to improve the results of conventional total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The authors investigated the preoperative varus/valgus deformity influence on the production of balanced extension and flexion gaps using computer-assisted surgery. This study evaluated data from a prospective case series. A total of 132 patients (107 women and 25 men) underwent navigated TKA. Patients were divided into the following 3 groups according to the degree of the initial varus/valgus deformity: group 1, 0° to 3°; group 2, 3° to 9°; and group 3, greater than 9°. The final lower limb mechanical axis (LLMA) and the final flexion and extension gaps were measured. Knees exhibiting up to 3° of deviation on the frontal plane and a difference of up to 3 mm between the lateral and medial gaps were considered to be aligned and balanced, respectively. Average LLMA deviation decreased from 5.58° (± 4.80°) to 1.87° (± 1.66°). For knees with varus deviation, the percentage of balancing relative to the flexion gaps was 97.8% and that relative to the extension gap was 100% (P>.05). For knees with valgus deviation, the percentage of balancing relative to the flexion gaps was 95.1% and that relative to the extension gap was 97.6% (P>.05). Approximately 92% of the LLMA alignment was achieved in the group with varus deformity, whereas 71.4% was observed in the group with valgus deformity (P<.05). Computer-assisted TKA could attain proper flexion and extension balance regardless of coronal plane malalignment magnitude. Severe valgus and varus knees are more difficult to align using navigation. No difference was found in the balance of flexion or extension gaps in valgus or varus knees, independent of the severity.